我国水生生物多样性及其研究进展

生物多样性是地球上生命经历几十亿年发展进化的结果,是人类赖以生存的物质基础。广大科技工作者围绕生物多样性保护与可持续利用2大目标进行了一系列研究,取得一定进展。文章在综合论述国内水生生物多样性现状、利用与保护研究基础上,侧重对鱼类多样性研究技术手段、参与国际合作的渠道及保护措施进行了概述,同时分析了生物技术在重要水生生物多样性研究领域的应用前景。     

“红肉病”文蛤中寄生类立克次体的超微结构与细胞病理学

报道了患“红肉病”文蛤的消化盲囊上皮中所发现的类立克次体以及所引起的受感染细胞的病理学变化。该病原包涵体呈球形或椭球形,有强嗜碱性和嗜酸性两种,电镜下观察到上皮细胞内充满了大量的类立克次体,其形态结构及大小表现了极大的多样性,受感染的细胞具有明显的病理学变化,内质网膨大为潴泡状,核糖体脱落;线粒体溶解或固缩,核膜肿胀,染色质固缩并出现液泡结构,高度感染时,细胞核与大部分的细胞器消失,在上皮细胞中,观察到类立克次体以二分裂和出芽方式进行繁殖。     

患颤抖病中华绒螯蟹体内类立克次体侵染的光镜和电镜观察

对江苏和安徽地区患颤抖病的中华绒螯蟹（Eriocheir sinensis)各器官和组织进行光镜和电镜观察。结果表明，类立克次体（Richettsia-like Organisms,RLOs)广泛寄生于病蟹各器官和组织中。它们特异性地寄生于病蟹各器官的肌肉和结缔组织以及血细胞中，血淋巴中的小颗粒细胞是类立克次体的主要繁殖场所和传播载体。类立克次体对病蟹机体的结缔组织的广泛侵入，以及对胸神经节及神经与肌肉的接头-运动终板的侵染正是颤抖病症状（不食、肌无力、肢体阵发性颤抖）的病理结构基础。本研究旨在探讨RLOs与中华绒螯蟹颤抖病的关系，从而为建立有效的防治措施奠定理论基础。     

Glucose metabolism in detached leaves of tomato plants grown with ammonium and nitrate as nitrogen sources

The metabolism of exogenous glucose-¹⁴C in the light and the dark was studied in the detached leaves of tomato plants grown with ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. In the light, ¹⁴CO₂, release and incorporation of glucose into insoluble materials were hardly affected at all by the nitrogen sources. Among the soluble labelled amino acids, serine had the greatest amount of label in the ammonium-plants while aspartate had the greatest amount in the nitrate-plants. This aspartate was synthesized from C₃-compounds by carboxylation. During dark-light transition, the change in the composition of soluble amino acids was more rapid in the ammonium-plants than in the nitrate-plants. In the dark, ¹⁴CO₂-release, which was ten times as much as in the light, was larger in the ammonium-plants than in the nitrate-plants; but the synthesis of high molecular compounds from glucose in the ammonium-plants was about half that in the nitrate-plants. So, it is considered that respiration operates sufficiently in the ammonium-plants. The effects of DCMU and a 100% O₂ atmosphere on glucose metabolism in both groups of plants were studied and the respiration of leaves in the light was discussed.     

Transgenic cotton could safely be grown since CpTI toxin rapidly degrades in the rhizosphere soil

Abstract

Cultivation of transgenic plants is debated worldwide. Potential environmental risks have to be considered, before acceptance of expanding cultivation, despite the advantages of the use of fewer pesticides. Here, the potential effects on soil ecosystems of transgenic plants have been studied. As a model, genetically engineered cotton producing cowpea trypsin inhibitor (CpTI) has been used. The degradation of CpTI in the rhizosphere of the transgenic CpTI+Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) cotton cultivar SGK321 was assessed. During plant development, concentrations of CpTI toxin in the rhizosphere were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). As the plants developed, the residue of CpTI in the rhizosphere increased, and reached a peak at topping stage (100 days after planting). After this stage, the residue began to decrease, and was nil the following year (258 days after planting). The conclusion is that genetically engineered cotton can safely be cultivated since no accumulation of substances released from the transgenic plants was persistent in the soil.     

紫竹秆枝连体埋穗育苗技术研究

竹子秆枝连体（枝条与竹秆不分离）埋穗育苗技术是利用分枝枝节隐芽在适宜条件下能萌发成竹的特性而进行的无性繁殖方法。对紫竹进行的秆枝连体埋穗育苗试验结果表明：在钢架大棚内,采用砂壤土作育苗基质,选取粗1cm以上、2年生母竹及侧枝,于枝叶萌发前半月内埋穗,并在埋枝前用100mg/kg的ABT1号生根粉或IBA溶液浸泡基部30min,能够明显提高埋穗的出苗率和成活率,最高可达到87.5%和76.3%。该方法能够大大降低育苗成本,是目前较为理想的育苗方法,具有极高的推广价值。     

转基因生物食用安全评价技术体系及其发展趋势

针对如何更加科学合理地评价转基因生物食用安全的问题,采用比较研究的方法对国际组织及我国对转基因生物的食用安全评价框架进行对比,结果表明:1)目前全球对转基因生物的食用安全评价主要包括新表达物质毒理学评价、致敏性评价、营养成分分析、全食品安全性评价、食品加工对食用安全的影响、抗生素抗性评价;2)虽然目前全球基本形成了对转基因生物食用安全评价的原则和技术体系框架,但由于新型生物技术产品的出现,转基因生物食用安全评价的具体过程存在争议;3)转基因生物食用安全评价体系需要在营养学检测方面构建作物营养数据库,在毒理学检测方面构建毒蛋白数据库,在致敏性检测方面建立体外细胞评价模型,在非期望效应方面构建非期望效应评价模型。综上,面对新型生物技术产品,需要继续发展、完善已经建立的转基因生物食用安全评价原则和技术体系,以更好地保障人类健康。     

Cellular Signal Transductions and Their Inhibitors Derived from Deep-Sea Organisms

Not only physiological phenomena but also pathological phenomena can now be explained by the change of signal transduction in the cells of specific tissues. Commonly used cellular signal transductions are limited. They consist of the protein–tyrosine kinase dependent or independent Ras-ERK pathway, and the PI3K-Akt, JAK-STAT, SMAD, and NF-κB-activation pathways. In addition, biodegradation systems, such as the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway and autophagy, are also important for physiological and pathological conditions. If we can control signaling for each by a low-molecular-weight agent, it would be possible to treat diseases in new ways. At present, such cell signaling inhibitors are mainly looked for in plants, soil microorganisms, and the chemical library. The screening of bioactive metabolites from deep-sea organisms should be valuable because of the high incidence of finding novel compounds. Although it is still an emerging field, there are many successful examples, with new cell signaling inhibitors. In this review, we would like to explain the current view of the cell signaling systems important in diseases, and show the inhibitors found from deep-sea organisms, with their structures and biological activities. These inhibitors are possible candidates for anti-inflammatory agents, modulators of metabolic syndromes, antimicrobial agents, and anticancer agents.     

附加阳光间型鸡舍保温性能的试验研究

为了缓解冬季通风与保温的矛盾,结合散养模式设计附加阳光间型鸡舍,冬季利用太阳辐射清洁能源提高舍内环境温度,同时增加舍内的通风换气量,有效降低舍内空气的相对湿度和有害气体浓度。分别选取12月份打开公共墙上门洞和1月份整体密闭的方式,对鸡舍环境温湿度进行测试。结果表明:打开门洞方式下舍内的平均湿度比密闭方式下低8.5%;在晴天10:00—16:00鸡群外出时间段,阳光间内平均温度基本维持在15℃以上,完全符合鸡的适宜生产温度条件,避免了散养鸡冬季外出活动因低温气候条件带来的健康危害。     

高效聚磷鞘氨醇杆菌XF-5的分离与鉴定

采用寡营养与长时间培养方法,从活性污泥与土壤样品中分离筛选到7株高效聚磷菌。以菌株的除磷率为考察指标,确定其中的XF-5为高效聚磷菌株。对其培养条件进行优化,并进行了生理生化特性的检测与系统发育分析。16SrRNA基因序列的分析结果显示,XF-5与鞘氨醇杆菌属的菌种同源性达99%,结合生长特点与生理生化特性,初步确定该菌株为鞘氨醇杆菌(No-vosphingobiumsp.)。当合成废水中总磷质量浓度为10.0mg/L时,将菌株XF-5在28℃、pH值为6.5的条件下培养24h,除磷率可达80%以上。该菌株在污水除磷与水体富营养化的防治方面,有潜在的应用前景。