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101.
Over two years, six consecutive field experiments were done in which the chemical molluscicide metaldehyde and the nematode biocontrol agent Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (Schneider) were applied at the standard field rates to replicated mini-plots successively planted with lettuce, Brussels sprouts, leaf beet and cabbage, to compare the effectiveness of different treatments in reducing slug damage to the crops. Soil samples from each plot were taken prior to the start of the experiments, and then monthly, to assess the populations of slugs, snails, earthworms, nematodes, acarids and collembolans. The experiments were done on the same site and each plot received the same treatment in the six experiments. The six treatments were: (1) untreated controls, (2) metaldehyde pellets, (3 and 4) nematodes applied to the planted area 3 days prior to planting without or with previous application of cow manure slurry, (5) nematodes applied to the area surrounding the planted area 3 days prior to planting, and (6) nematodes applied to the planted area once (only in the first of the six consecutive experiments). Only the metaldehyde treatment and the nematodes applied to the planted area at the beginning of each experiment without previous application of manure significantly reduced slug damage to the plants, and only metaldehyde reduced the number of slugs contaminating the harvested plants. The numbers of slugs, snails and earthworms in soil samples were compared among the six treatments tested: with respect to the untreated controls, the numbers of Deroceras reticulatum (Müller) were significantly affected only in the metaldehyde plots, and the numbers of Arion ater L only in the plots treated with nematodes applied to the planted area 3 days prior to planting without previous application of manure; numbers of snails (Ponentina ponentina (Morelet) and Oxychilus helveticus (Blum)) were not affected by the treatment. The total numbers of all earthworm species and of Lumbricus spp were unaffected by the treatment, but Dendrobaena spp increased significantly in the plots treated with manure. The numbers of nematodes, acarids and collembolans in soil samples were compared between the untreated controls and the treatments with nematodes applied 3 days prior to planting to the planted area or to the surrounding area, without previous application of manure: the treatment had a significant effect on the number of nematodes in soil samples, but acarids and collembolans were unaffected. 相似文献
102.
Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita Schneider (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) is a nematode that parasitises a wide range of slug and snail species. It has been formulated into a biological control agent (Nemaslug) and was commercialised in 1994. It is now available in fourteen European countries. A review is given of all research on P. hermaphrodita, including basic biology, mass cultivation, formulation, host range, application strategies, field efficacy and effects on non-target organisms. The many critical gaps in present knowledge are highlighted, and future research is proposed that will lead to greater understanding of this unusual parasite and may enable its more widespread use in the management of mollusc pests. 相似文献
103.
104.
ter Halle A Wiszniowski J Hitmi A Ledoigt G Bonnemoy F Bonnet JL Bohatier J Richard C 《Pest management science》2009,65(1):14-18
BACKGROUND: Sulcotrione is a selective herbicide marketed for use in maize since 1993, but its environmental fate is not yet fully elucidated. A major metabolite resulting from cleavage between the two ring moieties, leading to 2‐chloro‐4‐mesylbenzoic acid (CMBA), has been identified; it presents a rather low toxicity. In photochemical studies this compound has also been claimed to be formed in high proportions. The present authors recently found that, under irradiation, sulcotrione mainly yields a cyclization product (CP). Thus, Sulcotrione photochemistry is still a matter of debate. The aim of the present work was to give an unequivocal answer to this issue. The potential toxicity of CP, CMBA and sulcotrione towards three organisms considered as representative of aquatic ecosystems was also evaluated. RESULTS: The main transformation product of sulcotrione is the cyclization product (CP), and CMBA is formed in smaller amounts. For the toxicological approach, the tested organisms were a bacterium, Vibrio fischeri (Bejerinck) Lehmann & Neumann, an alga, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (Korshikov) Hindak, and a protozoan, Tetrahymena pyriformis (Ehrenberg) Lwoff. Sulcotrione is more harmful towards the alga, but CP is more toxic to the bacterium and the protozoan. It must be noted that the measured toxicities are nonetheless rather low. CONCLUSION: On irradiation, sulcotrione mainly gives the photocyclization product, which presents a higher toxicity than sulcotrione and CMBA. This cyclization product should thus be considered in sulcotrione environmental risk assessment. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
105.
本文研究了连续的非稳态运行工况和厌氧附着膜膨胀床反应器运行效能的影响.结果表明:在非稳态工况下,反应器出水COD浓度、有机酸浓度和气相中甲烷、CO_2、H_2含量呈动态变化,厌氧污泥有流失现象;为了确保过程运行的高效和稳定,建议在本试验所职条件下的容积COD负荷宜控制在20kg/m~3.d左右.此外,对处理系统有机碳衡算发现.系统具有良好的有机碳的利用、转化平衡关系,COD输入/COD输出=0.933. 相似文献
106.
107.
介绍了宁夏地区病虫害的种类及特征,通过实施有害生物综合管理的方法,从林业生态系整体观点出发,根据有害生物和环境之间的相互关系,应用林业、物理、生态和化学等措施,进行病虫害防治体系建设,充分发挥林业生态中的自然因素控制作用,将林业有害生物控制在经济受害允许水平之下,实现了林业生产和生态保护双赢,并产生明显的经济效益。 相似文献
108.
109.
针对如何更加科学合理地评价转基因生物食用安全的问题,采用比较研究的方法对国际组织及我国对转基因生物的食用安全评价框架进行对比,结果表明:1)目前全球对转基因生物的食用安全评价主要包括新表达物质毒理学评价、致敏性评价、营养成分分析、全食品安全性评价、食品加工对食用安全的影响、抗生素抗性评价;2)虽然目前全球基本形成了对转基因生物食用安全评价的原则和技术体系框架,但由于新型生物技术产品的出现,转基因生物食用安全评价的具体过程存在争议;3)转基因生物食用安全评价体系需要在营养学检测方面构建作物营养数据库,在毒理学检测方面构建毒蛋白数据库,在致敏性检测方面建立体外细胞评价模型,在非期望效应方面构建非期望效应评价模型。综上,面对新型生物技术产品,需要继续发展、完善已经建立的转基因生物食用安全评价原则和技术体系,以更好地保障人类健康。 相似文献
110.
本文综述了水生光合生物无机碳的运输。作为光合作用的无机碳源CO2和HCO3-是水生光合生物最好的运输形式。但是,不同类型的水生光合生物无机碳的运输形式及其运输机理各不相同。 相似文献